Papers
Search Papers & Reports
Title | Author | Abstract | Date | Tags |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| “I’ve lost the plot”: an everyday story of the “political” legal aid lawyer. | Hilary Sommerlad | This paper examines the impact on a specific group of solicitors in the United Kingdom of recent changes in the delivery of legal services. These changes are seen as a form of the New Public Management (NPM), and the paper explores the proposition that NPM is producing a public sector characterized by high output but low morale, through an analysis of qualitative data from a group of 'political' legal aid practitioners. The data is seen to support the high-output/low-morale thesis, and the paper argues that one effect therefore of legal aid reform may be to damage the 'political' lawyer's project of empowering the client and countering social injustice. | 19th Dec 2002 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Delivery mechanisms, Historical development of legal aid |
| A Criminal Mind: Don’t delay legal aid review | Rosalind Conway | ***Law Times News*** June 30 was to have been the deadline for submissions to the McCamus Legal Aid Review, but with the appointment of professor John McCamus as the new chairman of Legal Aid Ontario, the review has, at least temporarily, moved to the back burner | 30th Jun 2006 | Canada, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Criminal legal aid |
| A Study of Self Represented Litigants in the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island - Availabel Here | Ann Sherman | A Study of Self Represented Litigants in the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island by Ann Sherman. | 26th Jun 2008 | Canada, Needs assessment, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| Access to Justice After Universalism: Introduction | Richard Moorhead & Pascoe Pleasance | This volume illustrates what is left behind when attempts at universalism are abandoned. Paradoxically, many of the ideas of the radical legal services movement, salaried services, public legal education, self-help, ‘empowerment’, and so on, have moved towards centre stage at the same time as the rationing process has become more explicit. There is an uncertain harmony between current policy vogues and old left models for greater access to justice; but there is also dissonance and discord. The old models have been appropriated but the ideology has not: the focus is on efficiency and effectiveness rather than equality and ideals. Here the authors explore some of the main themes that are emerging in this shift from equality to effectiveness. | 21st Mar 2003 | Worldwide, Causes of legal aid development, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| Access to justice and alternatives to courts: European procedural justice compared - (Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 1995, 14(JUL), 176-189) | Erhard Blankenburg | Analysis of German and Dutch litigation patterns shows that dilemma between provision of legal aid and managing caseloads of courts can be resolved by using legal aid to offer more informal ADR services. | 1st Jul 1995 | Worldwide, Germany, The Netherlands, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Access to Justice |
| Access to Justice in Central and Eastern Europe: Source Book Chapter 1 - General Overview | Edwin Rekosh, Kyra A. Buchko, Daniel Manning and Vessela Terzieva | Public Interest Law Institute- Access to Justice in Central and Eastern Europe: Source Book. This chapter of the Access to Justice in Central and Eastern Europe Source Book includes: ‘Access to Justice: Legal Aid for the Under represented’ and ‘Financing a Legal System: Comparative Perspective’. The first paper explains: the concept of access to justice and its importance; the status of Central and Eastern European laws on legal aid; standards of international human rights treaties regarding access to justice; selected countries’ legal aid systems; mechanisms for delivering legal services to the underrepresented; strategies for reforming legal aid systems. The purpose of the second paper is to provide brief information about some of the methods to reduce the costs of a legal aid system and to examine their applicability in Eastern Europe. | 31st Dec 2003 | Worldwide, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Access to Justice, Delivery mechanisms,, Historical development of legal aid, Advice and assistance |
| Access to Justice in Central and Eastern Europe: Source Book Chapter 2 - Models of Organization of a Legal Aid Delivery System | Roger Smith, Peter van den Biggelaar, David McQuoid-Mason, Moshe Hacohen and Mel Cousins | Public Interest Law Institute- Access to Justice in Central and Eastern Europe: Source Book. This chapter of the Access to Justice in Central and Eastern Europe Source Book includes: ‘Promoting Access to Justice in Central and Eastern Europe’; ‘The System of Legal Aid in the Netherlands’; ‘The Legal Aid Board and the Delivery of Legal Aid Services in South Africa’; ‘Israel’s Office of Public Defender: Lessons from the Past, Plans for the Future’; ‘Legal Aid Reform in France and the Republic of Ireland in the 1990s’. | 31st Dec 2003 | Worldwide, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Access to Justice, The Netherlands, South Africa, Delivery mechanisms, Public Defender, Historical development of legal aid |
| Access to Justice in Central and Eastern Europe: Source Book Chapter 3 - International Standards | Preparation by INTERIGHTS, London | This chapter of the Access to Justice in Central and Eastern Europe Source Book includes: ‘International Standards Regarding Access to Legal Aid’; ‘Important Cases of the European Court of Human Rights on Legal Aid (excerpts)’; ‘Summary of Recent Cases of the European Court of Human Rights on Legal Aid’; ‘Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Efficiency of Justice, Action Plan on Legal Assistance Systems’; ‘Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, Recommendation no. R (93) 1 on Effective Access to the Law and to Justice for the Very Poor’; ‘European Commission, Justice and Home Affairs, Procedural Safeguards for Suspects and Defendants in Criminal Proceedings’; ‘Council Directive 2002/8/EC to Improve Access to Justice in Cross-Border Disputes by Establishing Minimum Common Rules Relating to Legal Aid for Such Disputes’. | 31st Dec 2003 | Worldwide, Access to Justice, Human Rights, Eligibility for legal aid, Europe, Criminal legal aid, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| Access to Justice in Central and Eastern Europe: Source Book Chapter 4 - Promoting Access to Justice in Central and Eastern Europe: Bulgaria | Lukasz Bojarski and preparation by Bulgarian Helsinki Committee | Public Interest Law Institute- Access to Justice in Central and Eastern Europe: Source Book. This chapter of the Access to Justice in Central and Eastern Europe Source Book includes: ‘Political Commitments by the Bulgarian Government to Ensure Equal Access to Justice’; ‘Free Legal Aid Litigation Before the ECtHR, Selecting Cases’; ‘Introduction to Bulgarian Methodology’; ‘Questionnaire on Criminal Cases of a General Character’; ‘Interview Questionnaire for Studying Access to Defence Counsel among People Deprived of Liberty’; ‘Civil Legal Assessment’) and Poland (‘Access to Legal Aid: Information about the Project’; Questionnaires; ‘Proposed Changes in the Legal Aid System’). | 31st Dec 2004 | Worldwide, Poland, Bulgaria, Access to Justice, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Criminal legal aid, Causes of legal aid development, Public Defender, Eligibility for legal aid |
| Access to Justice in Central and Eastern Europe: Source Book Chapter 5 - Sample Legal Aid Laws and Operational Documents | Open Society Justice Initiative, Columbia University Budapest Law Center, INTERIGHTS, London, Bulgarian Helsinki Committee and Helsinki Foundation For Human Rights (no specific author credited); some translation by Ministry of Justice, Finland | Public Interest Law Institute- Access to Justice in Central and Eastern Europe: Source Book. This chapter of the Access to Justice in Central and Eastern Europe Source Book includes: ‘Summary of Legal Aid Provisions in France, Germany, Sweden and Finland’; ‘Finland’; ‘Legal Aid Act of the Republic of Slovenia’; ‘Legal Aid in Israel’; ‘Legal Aid in Lithuania’; ‘Legal Aid in the Netherlands’. | 31st Dec 2003 | Worldwide, France, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Access to Justice, Historical development of legal aid, Israel, Slovenia |
| Advice deserts and PDSOs | Ranald Lindsay | ***The Journal Online*** As the Society runs a survey of views on the state of civil legal aid provision in Scotland, it appears that the situation is even more serious than previously thought | 18th Jun 2007 | Scotland, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Historical development of legal aid, Civil legal aid |
| Alberta boosts legal-aid eligibility, funding | The Edmonton Journal | ***Edmonton Journal*** Alberta's legal aid system is well-funded and its income cutoffs are rising, but thousands of Albertans are still turned away every year, says Legal Aid Alberta. | 10th Aug 2007 | Canada, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Eligibility for legal aid, Economics of legal aid |
| Alternative ways to finance a lawsuit in Germany - (Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 2005, 24(JAN), 83-102) | Michael Coester and Dagobert Nitzsche | Examines changes to the German model of financing lawsuits, notably the introduction of a system whereby independent companies and the subsidiaries of certain insurance companies advance the court costs and fees to begin the lawsuit and assume the risk of a potential cost award against the plaintiff in return for a percentage of any settlement. Highlights the stock corporation FORIS AG and its role as a litigation financing company through the use of a financing contract. Considers alternatives to this type of finance such as legal expenses insurance, legal aid for costs, and the taking out of loans. Refers to the general terms and conditions to be met to gain approval for such financing contracts and highlights the German ban on contingency fees. | 1st Jan 2005 | Economics of legal aid, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Germany |
| Alternatives to Public Provision: The Role of Legal Expenses Insurance in Broadening Access to Justice: The German Experience | Matthias Kilian | The literature suggests that the main barriers to justice range from a general lack of knowledge about legal rights, and the related prevalent use of technical language within justice systems (which has led to commentators describing law as a 'leviathan'), to a vague 'fear of the unknown'. In Germany the principal barrier is thought to be the problem of funding legal services. Empirical research indicates that the question of whether or not to consult a lawyer is primarily one of cost, although over one–third of potential clients have little idea about lawyers' fees. To find ways to surmount this barrier is therefore of paramount importance for a modern society. In broad terms, there are three potential attitudes to legal costs: reliance on one's own resources; hope for third party assistance (such as legal aid or pro bono); and insurance. This article concentrates on the last of these three options, comparing, in particular, the systems in Germany and England and Wales. | 21st Mar 2003 | Access to Justice, Germany, England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| Are Finland's recent legal services policy reforms swimming against the tide of international reforms? - Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 2007, 26(JUL), 341-357) | Francis Regan & Jon Johnsen | Appraises Finnish legal aid policy, and in particular its reform of the legal aid delivery system in 1998 and of its eligibility criteria in 2002. Considers what constitutes best policy with regard to legal aid, emphasising the importance of inclusiveness in terms of eligibility and comprehensiveness in terms of the type of legal problem covered. Reviews research in England, Scotland and Scandinavia into the practical implications of best policy and evaluates the Finnish legal aid system against the requirements of best policy. Civil Justice Quarterly (Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 2007, 26(JUL), 341-357) | 1st Jul 2007 | Finland, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Forms of legal aid |
| Assessing Need in the United States, Germany, and Sweden: The Organization of Welfare Casework and the Potential for Responsiveness in the “Three Worlds” | Christopher J. Jewell | An ongoing challenge for the administrative state is balancing the programmatic values of responsiveness and accountability. Few studies have examined these policy issues cross-nationally for social assistance, a needs-based form of income support where these tensions are especially significant. Based on street-level case studies, this article demonstrates persistent diversity among welfare states in how these programmatic tradeoffs are made, contrasting a U.S. approach that emphasizes programmatic control via a bureaucratic, flat-grant system, with German and Swedish programs in which individualized assessments of need are a core organizational task. In each European case, legal frameworks, expertise, and work arrangements have evolved in nationally specific ways to contend with the challenges frontline discretion poses to program integrity. LAW AND POLICY 2007, VOL 29; NUMBER 3, pages 380-406 Available from: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/home?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 | 1st Jan 2007 | USA, Germany, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Needs assessment, Sweden |
| Bilateral Aid To Improve Human Rights | Sophia Woodman | ***China Perspectives*** This article examines the strategy behind programmes of bilateral aid directed to legal reform and law-related projects in China of nine countries: Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom (UK); and one regional institution, the European Union (EU). The article concludes with some thoughts on how donors could improve their programming. | 1st Feb 2004 | Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Human Rights, China |
| Bridging the Justice Gap: Wisconsin's Unmet Legal Needs | Access to Justice Study Committee, State Bar of Wisconsin; Legal Services Corporation | Bridging the Justice Gap: Wisconsin's Unmet Legal Needs by Access to Justice Study Committee, State Bar of Wisconsin; Legal Services Corporation. | 1st Jun 2007 | USA, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Needs assessment |
| Call For Legal Aid Bureau At Govt Depts | Za'im Zaini | ***BruDirect.com News*** The Chief Registrar of Syariah Appeals Court yesterday called for the establishment of a legal aid bureau at relevant government departments of ministries during a certificate presentation and closing of the Second workshop for developing the skills of Syariah Judges and Syariah courts officers of Brunei Darussalam. | 31st Dec 1969 | Causes of legal aid development, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Brunei Darussalam |
| Causes of Action: First Findings of the LSRC Periodic Survey | Pascoe Pleasance, Hazel Genn, Nigel J. Balmer, Alexy Buck & Aoife O'Grady | In this paper the authors report some of the first findings of the LSRC periodic survey of justiciable problems. They confirm the prevalence of justiciable problems amongst the general population. They identify important differences in the experiences of discrete socio–demographic populations, not only in terms of the number of problems faced, but also in terms of the perception of problems and reactions to them. They show that cost is not the principal barrier to taking action or obtaining advice across most problem categories. Other concerns, such as fear or uncertainty as to what can be done are generally more prevalent. The authors illustrate the range of strategies employed by those who take action, and confirm the rarity of court action. Finally they show that the basic form of Felstiner, Abel, and Sarat's aetiology of lawsuits is recognizable within our findings, although they explain that the manner and form of progression through the various stages is complex and irregular. | 21st Mar 2003 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Access to Justice |
| Causes of Action: First findings of the LSRC Periodic Survey - Available Here | Pascoe Pleasence, Hazel Genn, Nigel J Balmer, Alexy Buck and Aoife O’Grady | Causes of Action: First findings of the LSRC Periodic Survey by Pascoe Pleasence, Hazel Genn, Nigel J Balmer, Alexy Buck and Aoife O’Grady. Found in Journal of Law and Society Vol3 No1 March 2003. | 1st Mar 2003 | Needs assessment, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, England and Wales |
| Civil and social justice needs in later life - Available Here | Policy Unit, Age Concern Reports, England | Civil and Social Justice Needs in Later Life by the Policy Unit, Age Concern England. | 1st Aug 2007 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Needs assessment |
| Civil Legal Needs Research Report | Carol McEown | In order to make the best use of its funding and plan for the coming years, the Law Foundation needs to have a clear picture of the legal needs of British-Columbians. This paper is designed to provide this picture for the Law Foundation by summarizing the key research completed in BC and other jurisdictions, considering what it shows about gaps in BC legal services, and drawing conclusions that suggest next steps. | 1st Mar 2009 | Canada, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Needs assessment, Civil legal aid |
| Civil Legal Needs Study Washington State Supreme Court - 030185 | Task Force on Civil Equal Justice Funding Washington State Supreme Court | Civil Legal Needs Study: Washington State Supreme Court - 030185 by the Task Force on Civil Equal Justice Funding - Washington State Supreme Court. | 1st Nov 2003 | USA, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Needs assessment |
| Civil Legal Services Delivery In the District of Columbia - Available Here | District of Columbia Bar Foundation | Civil Legal Services Delivery In the District of Columbia by District of Columbia Bar Foundation. | 1st Sep 2003 | USA, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Needs assessment |
| Closing the Justice Gap: new thinking on an old problem | Jon Robins (ed) | "Closing the Justice Gap: new thinking on an old problem" is produced by the legal research company Jures in association with the Young Legal Aid Lawyers and is published by the Solicitors Journal. This publication is available from www.jures.co.uk. | 1st Apr 2010 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Access to Justice |
| Closing the Justice Gap: new thinking on an old problem | Jon Robins, ed. | Closing the Justice Gap: new thinking on an old problemwas produced by the legal research company Jures (www.jures.co.uk) in association with the Young Legal Aid Lawyers (www.younglegalaidlawyers.org) and is published by the Solicitors Journal(www.solicitorsjournal.com). | 1st May 2010 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Access to Justice |
| Community Legal Advice Centres | Chris Fox, Richard Moorhead, Mark Sefton and Kevin Wong | Community Legal Advice Centres and Networks: A Process Evaluation by Chris Fox, Richard Moorhead, Mark Sefton and Kevin Wong. | 1st May 2010 | Research Papers & Academic Commentary, England and Wales, Community Legal Services |
| Comparing and Understanding Legal Aid Priorities | Mary Jane Mossman | Comparing and Understanding Legal Aid Priorities: a paper prepared for Legal Aid Ontario by Mary Jane Mossman, Professor of Law with Karen Schucher, PhD candidate. | 1st Apr 2009 | Canada, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Community Legal Services |
| Comparing legal aid schemes in Europe - Available Here | Erhard Blankenburg | The different approaches underlying the provision of legal aid in various European jurisdictions are examined. (Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 1992, 11(APR), 106-114) | 1st Apr 1992 | Worldwide, Europe, England and Wales, Germany, The Netherlands, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Civil legal aid, Delivery mechanisms |
| Current issues in access to justice: legal aid and costs - (Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 1995, 14(APR), 102-106) | Henry Hodge | Paper delivered at Anglo-American Legal Exchange in London in September 1994 advocating simplification of civil litigation to reduce costs and increase access to justice. | 1st Apr 1995 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Economics of legal aid |
| Current issues in access to justice: legal aid and costs - Available Here | Henry Hodge | Paper delivered at Anglo-American Legal Exchange in London in September 1994 advocating simplification of civil litigation to reduce costs and increase access to justice.(Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 1995, 14(APR), 102-106) | 1st Apr 1995 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Access to Justice, Economics of legal aid |
| Demand Induced Supply? Identifying Cost Drivers in Criminal Defence Work | Ed Cape and Richard Moorhead | Demand Induced Supply? Identifying Cost Drivers in Criminal Defence Work - A Report to the Legal Services Commission. Published by the Legal Services Research Centre, Legal Services Commission, London July 2005. This report is availble from the Legal Services Commission Website http://www.lsrc.org.uk/. | 1st Jun 2005 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Criminal legal aid |
| Documenting the Justice Gap in America: The Current Unmet Civil Legal Needs of Low-Income Americans - Available Here | American Bar Association | Legal Needs and Civil Justice: A Survey of Americans (4290016) (A 30-page summary of the major findings prepared by the American Bar Association) (American Bar Association, Chicago, IL 1994) | 1st Mar 2004 | USA, Needs assessment, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| Down the wrong road - federal funding for civil legal aid in Canada | Ab Currie | The Canadian federal government has contributed to both criminal and civil legal aid delivered by the provinces. However, in spite of the many areas of federal legislative competence in civil law the federal government's role in funding civil legal aid has been weaker than in criminal legal aid. Federal funding for criminal legal aid has been a stable programme administered by the Department of Justice since 1972. Federal funding for civil legal aid has been a recurring issue in Canadian legal aid. This paper examines why that has been the case. | 1st Mar 2006 | Historical development of legal aid, Civil legal aid, Criminal legal aid, Canada, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| Early twentieth century Australian legal aid: the overlooked government schemes | Francis Regan | This paper argues that it is important for a number of reasons to re-examine the often-overlooked government legal aid reforms in Australia in the early twentieth century. | 3rd Nov 2004 | Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Causes of legal aid development, Historical development of legal aid, Australia |
| Economic and Other Benefits Associated with the Provision of Civil Legal Aid | Laura Abel & Susan Vignola | “Economic and Other Benefits Associated with the Provision of Civil Legal Aid” by Laura K. Abel and Susan Vignola | 1st Aug 2010 | USA, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Civil legal aid, Economics of legal aid |
| Evaluating the Scottish Public Defence Solicitors' Office | Tamara Goriely | The debate continues over whether salaried public defenders are more cost–effective than private practitioners. A three–year evaluation of the Edinburgh pilot office found that public defenders resolve cases at an earlier stage. Their clients were more likely to plead guilty at preliminary hearings, and less likely to hold out to the day of trial. This has the (so far unrealized) potential to save legal aid costs, and it inconvenienced fewer witnesses. But it also meant that public defenders had a higher conviction rate. Furthermore, in Scotland (unlike Canada) earlier pleas did not lead to lower sentences. Clients described public defenders as businesslike but felt less emotionally supported. Finally, the study showed that it is not easy to realize cost savings. Pilot offices, operating in the glare of publicity, incur some additional costs. | 21st Mar 2003 | Scotland, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Public Defender |
| Gratuitous assistance to the "ill-dressed": debating civil legal aid in England and Wales from 1914 to 1939 | Tamara Goriely | This article is in three sections. The first two sections examine the increasing pressures to improve legal aid provision. Section 1 considers representation before the High Court, which impinged on working class life mainly because it was the only court with jurisdiction to grant divorce. Section 2 looks at many calls for improved legal advice and for representation in the less formal county courts. It then attempts to unpack what voluntary legal aid provision meant for the legal profession. It argues that the principle of equal justice was both highly significant for lawyers and inherently problematic. | 1st Mar 2006 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, ABWOR |
| Has there been supplier-induced demand for legal aid? - (Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 1996, 15(APR), 98-114) | Gwyn Bevan | Economic analysis of growth in legal aid expenditure, examining changes in total expenditure and regional variations, and implications for reform of legal aid system. | 1st Apr 1996 | United Kingdom, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Causes of legal aid development, Economics of legal aid |
| How has the complexity of the law and the market for legal expertise impacted on the development of legal aid in Norway?- Available Here | Jon T. Johnsen | This paper describes the developments in legal aid in Norway chronologically, first the Middle Ages, then autocracy and finally the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. The author focuses on the content of the legal aid policy or the legal aid ideology and does not attempt to describe more precisely how legal aid actually worked in practice. | 1st Mar 2006 | Norway, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Historical development of legal aid |
| If You Pay the Piper, Do You Call the Tune? Public Defenders in America's Criminal Courts | Roy B. Fleming | Review of Lisa J McIntyre (1987) The Practice of Law in the Shadows of Repute. | 1st Jan 1990 | Research Papers & Academic Commentary, USA,, Criminal legal aid |
| Justice from Above or Below? Popular Strategies for Resolving Grievances in Rural China | Ethan Michelson | The China Quarterly (193 , pp 43-64) | 13th Mar 2008 | China, Needs assessment, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| Justice Issues Paper 1. Pathways to justice: the role of non-legal services - Available Here | Sophie Clarke & Suzie Forell, Law and Justice Foundation of NSW | Clarke, S & Forell, S 2007, Pathways to justice: the role of non-legal services, Justice Issues Paper 1, Law and Justice Foundation of NSW, Sydney | 1st Dec 2006 | Australia, Access to Justice, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| Law Society claims legal aid victory for minorities | The Law Society of England and Wales | ***The Law Society (press release)*** Government failures over an important aspect of its legal aid reforms have been exposed in court, said the Law Society today. The Law Society, the Black Solicitors Network and the Society of Asian Lawyers have argued extensively that the government’s legal aid reforms have the potential to impact adversely on black and minority ethnic (BME) communities and legal aid suppliers. | 20th Jul 2007 | Research Papers & Academic Commentary, England and Wales, Historical development of legal aid |
| Law Society secures court win on legal aid | The Law Society of England and Wales | ***The Law Society (press release)*** The Law Society's challenge of the Legal Services Commission (LSC) was upheld today when judgment was handed down by Mr Justice Beatson in the High Court. The judge said that the LSC has breached Public Contracts Regulations 2006 and European Law in its reform of legal aid. | 27th Jul 2007 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Economics of legal aid |
| Legal aid at the crossroads - Available Here | Alan A. Paterson | How does the UK compare with the rest of the world in the area of legal aid expenditure? Are there other models in operation abroad which might assist us to spend the existing resources more effectively? These are the questions which this article will attempt to address. (Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 1991, 10(APR), 124-137) | 1st Apr 1991 | United Kingdom, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Delivery mechanisms, Economics of legal aid |
| Legal Aid Centre records 574 clients in one year | H.M. Abeysinghe | ***Ceylon Daily News*** The Legal Aid Commission’s Kuliyapitiya Centre has given legal advice to 574 clients during the first 10 months since the Centre was opened last October. | 31st Dec 1969 | Sri Lanka, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Delivery mechanisms |
| Legal Aid Eligibility for FAS Citizens in U.S. to be Reinstated | Aenet Rowa | ***Yokwe Online***Legal Services Corporation has proposed a rulemaking, published August 2, 2007 in the U.S. Federal Register, to restore eligibility to receive legal assistance from LSC-funded programs to all citizens of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), and Republic of Palau, who are residing in the United States. | 5th Aug 2007 | USA, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Eligibility for legal aid |
| Legal Aid in Bangladesh | Ian Morrison, director, Bangladesh Legal Aid Reform Project | Legal Aid in Bangladesh by Ian Morrison, director, Bangladesh Legal Aid Reform Project. | 29th Jun 2010 | Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Legal Aid, Bangladesh |
| Legal aid in Belgium: the absence of a tradition? - Available Here | Steven Gibens | This article will sketch the evolution of legal aid in Belgium over four periods, but first some general theories on the legal profession and legal aid will place the history of Belgian legal aid in a broader theoretical framework. | 1st Mar 2006 | Belgium, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Historical development of legal aid |
| Legal aid in China: an analysis of the development of policy - (Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 2004, 23(JUL), 169-186) | Francis Regan | Provides a snapshot of the world's largest legal aid scheme, which provides services for legal issues both involving litigation and outside litigation. Looks at the historical background to the scheme, including the Cultural Revolution of the 1970s, and the legal system out of which China's legal aid policy developed. Traces the development of the legal aid policy and explains how the policy works in practice. Argues that the policy is strikingly comprehensive even though it was developed with limited resources and emphasises the need for support from the authorities to ensure that the capacity of the system continues to grow. | 1st Jul 2004 | China, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Community Legal Services, Historical development of legal aid |
| Legal aid in the eye of the storm: rationing, contracting and a new institutionalism | Richard Moorhead | This article discusses possible rationales underlying a legal aid system through an articulation of theories of distribution in the legal services market, considers the idea of prioritization and planning or, in the political vernacular, rationing of public funding, and addresses the impact of economic and social theories of the professions on legal aid structures. Finally, the emerging concepts of ''new-institutionalism' and 'new public management' are introduced to indicate the organizational and sociological complexity of reforming the legal services market. Each of these threads illustrate competing values and institutional influence on publicly funded legal services. Bureaucratic rules mix with professional and economic incentives to articulate entitlement to public money in a predominantly private forum. Drawing on research in the field of rationing health care, sociological and economic work on legal services, and organizational theories, it will be demonstrated that conceptual, policy, and research tools need to play closer attention to this competition of values. | 19th Dec 2002 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Causes of legal aid development |
| Legal aid under threat | Colin James | ***Advertiser Adelaide*** HUNDREDS of South Australians could be left without defence lawyers because of an unprecedented legal aid funding crisis. | 8th Aug 2007 | Australia, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Eligibility for legal aid, Economics of legal aid |
| Legal fees hurt middle class | James Stevenson | ***Canoe.ca*** Canada's middle class is being hurt the most by exorbitant legal costs that limit access to the judicial system, Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin said Saturday. | 11th Aug 2007 | Canada, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Eligibility for legal aid, Economics of legal aid |
| Legal Needs Assessment 2003 North Carolina Legal Services Planning Council North Carolina Statewide - 030129 | North Carolina Legal Services Planning Council; Legal Services Corporation | Legal Needs Assessment 2003 North Carolina Legal Services Planning Council North Carolina Statewide - 030129 by North Carolina Legal Services Planning Council; Legal Services Corporation. | 31st Dec 2003 | USA, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Needs assessment |
| Legal Needs Assessment Process Legal Services Law Line of Vermont - 020043 | Committee on Equal Access to Legal Services | Legal Needs Assessment Process: Legal Services Law Line of Vermont - 020043 by | 1st Aug 2002 | USA, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Needs assessment |
| Legal needs research in a local community - (Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 2000, 19(OCT), 386-404) | Helena Wray | Results and methodology of legal needs survey in London Borough of Barnet, impact of legal aid reforms, problems with legal needs research and suggestions as to methodology for legal needs researchers. | 1st Oct 2000 | Needs assessment, England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| Legal Problems, Legal Needs: The Legal Assistance Gap Facing Lower Income People in New Jersey - Available Here | Melville D. Miller Jr. and Anjali Srivastava | Legal Problems, Legal Needs: The Legal Assistance Gap Facing Lower Income People in New Jersey by Melville D. Miller Jr. and Anjali Srivastava, Poverty Research Institute of Legal Services of New Jersey. | 1st Oct 2002 | USA, Needs assessment, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| Legal service to be 24x7 | The Telegraph, Calcutta India | No abstract | 7th Jul 2008 | Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Delivery mechanisms, India |
| Liberalisation of legal services in Europe: progress and prospects | Robert G Lee | Liberalisation of legal services in Europe: progress and prospects by Robert G Lee. | 1st Feb 2010 | England and Wales, Europe, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| LSC 2007 Action Plan For Private Attorney Involvement - Help Close the Justice Gap, Unleash the Power of Pro Bono | Legal Services Coporation | This document details the Proposed LSC Private Attorney Involvement Action Plan for 2007. | 1st Jan 2007 | USA, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Eligibility for legal aid |
| Managing in Difficult Times | Mark Benton, Legal Services Society, British Columbia, Canada | Managing in Difficult Times by Mark Benton, CEO, Legal Services Society, British Columbia, Canada. | 29th Jun 2010 | Canada, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Legal Aid |
| Massachusetts Legal Needs Survey: Findings from a Survey of Legal Needs of Low-Income Households in Massachusetts - Available Here | Massachusetts Legal Assistance Corporation; Legal Services Corporation | Massachusetts Legal Needs Survey: Findings from a Survey of Legal Needs of Low-Income Households in Massachusetts by Massachusetts Legal Assistance Corporation; Legal Services Corporation. | 1st Sep 2003 | USA, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Needs assessment |
| McGuinty government appoints new Chair of Legal Aid Review | Ontario Ministry of The Attorney General | ***Canada NewsWire (Press Release)***The McGuinty government has appointed Professor Michael Trebilcock to continue the province's legal aid review, Attorney General Michael Bryant announced today. | 20th Aug 2007 | Canada, Historical development of legal aid, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| Moving Forward on Legal Aid: Research on Needs and Innovative Approaches | Melina Buckley | Moving Forward on Legal Aid: Research on Needs and Innovative Approaches, by Melina Buckley, Canadian Bar Association. | 1st Jun 2010 | Canada, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Needs assessment, Legal Aid |
| New Yorkers in Crisis: A Civil Needs Assessment | Legal Services NYC | New Yorkers in Crisis: A Civil Needs Assessment by the Legal Services NYC | 1st Sep 2009 | USA, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Needs assessment |
| Opening Statement of Senator Benjamin L. Cardin, Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing, “Closing The Justice Gap: Providing Civil Legal Assistance To Low-Income Americans” | Benjamin L. Cardin | No abstract. | 22nd May 2008 | USA, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Eligibility for legal aid, Proverty Legal Services |
| Over 24.65 Lakh Poor Persons Provided Legal Aid During Last 3 Years | Shri H.R. Bhardwaj | ****Government of India Press Information Bureau (press release)**** More than 24.65 lakh poor persons benefited under the Legal Aid Scheme during the last three calendar years viz., 2004,2005 and 2006 | 24th Aug 2007 | Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Delivery mechanisms |
| Paths to Justice in the Netherlands: Looking for signs of social exclusion | Ben CJ van Velthoven and Marijke ter Voert | Paths to Justice in the Netherlands: Looking for signs of social exclusion by Ben CJ van Velthoven and Marijke ter Voert; Faculty of Law, Department of Economics, Leiden University. | 1st Jan 2004 | The Netherlands, Needs assessment, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| Paths to Justice? Essays prompted by the Gill Review | ScoLAG (edited by David McArdle) | no abstract | 31st Dec 2007 | Scotland, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Access to Justice |
| People Without Lawyers: The Continuing Justice Gap in New Jersey - Available Here | Legal Services of New Jersey | People Without Lawyers: The Continuing Justice Gap in New Jersey by Legal Services of New Jersey. | 1st Oct 2006 | USA, Needs assessment, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| Personal injury litigation, conditional fees and after-the-event insurance - (Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 2000, 19(APR), 118-135) | Rachel Atkinson and Robin C.A. White | Results of research study conducted in April and May 1999 involving interviews with insurers and solicitors to identify main sources of funding for personal injury litigation. | 1st Apr 2000 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Economics of legal aid |
| Piloting a quasi-market for family mediation amongst clients eligible for legal aid - (Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 1999, 18(JUL), 239-248) | Gwyn Bevan | Dispute resolution prior to 1996 Act, problems with implementation of s.29 including intake assessments and lack of flexibility regarding need for legal advice during mediation, and strategies for improving delivery of mediation. | 1st Jul 1999 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Eligibility for legal aid, Delivery mechanisms |
| Poverty Benchmarks 2010: Assessing New Jersey’s Progress in Combating Poverty - Available Here | Legal Services of New Jersey - Poverty Research Institute | Poverty Benchmarks 2010: Assessing New Jersey’s Progress in Combating Poverty from the Legal Services of New Jersey - Poverty Research Institute. | 1st Feb 2010 | USA, Needs assessment, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| Re-visiting the origins, rise and demise of the Australian legal aid office | Don Fleming and Francis Regan | This article re-visits the origins, rise and demise of the ALAO. This article differs to previous accounts of the ALAO in adding significantly to the existing body of knowledge about the ALAO and in its analytical perspectives. | 1st Mar 2006 | Australia, Historical development of legal aid, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| Reducing legal aid eligibility criteria: the impact for immigration law practitioners and their clients - Available Here | Penny Smith | Following the then Home Secretary's proposals on July 2, 1991 to abolish green form funding for immigration and asylum casework preparation, Cardiff Law School undertook a survey of immigration law practitioners during the months of September and October 1991 in order to gather data about patterns of immigration law practice linked to the green form scheme. This article discusses the results of that survey in light of the Lord Chancellor's proposals in November 1992 to reduce eligibility criteria for legal aid/green form applicants. (Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 1993, 12(APR), 167-187) | 1st Apr 1993 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Eligibility for legal aid |
| Reform of collective redress in England and Wales: A Perspective of Need - Available from the Civil Justice Council website: http://www.civiljusticecouncil.gov.uk | Professor Rachael Mulheron | A Research Paper for submission to the Civil Justice Council of England and Wales. The remit of this particular research is to challenge whether there is an ‘evidence of need’ for reform of collective redress in England and Wales, and if so, what/where are the gaps, and how should the gaps be closed off so that any reform has substance, and is not merely ‘a solution looking for a problem’ | 1st Jan 2008 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Innovations in supply, Causes of legal aid development |
| Retreat from equal justice? Assessing the recent Swedish legal aid and family law reforms - (Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 2000, 19(APR), 168-184) | Francis Regan | Effect of reforms which removed entitlement of most individuals to civil legal aid but also introduced comprehensive legal expenses insurance scheme which covers all but poorest individuals. | 1st Apr 2000 | Sweden, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Causes of legal aid development, Historical development of legal aid, Civil legal aid |
| Solicitor’s legal aid duty: David Truex (a Firm) v Kitchin in the Court of Appeal | The Times | ****Available from Times Online Website**** LORD JUSTICE WALLER said that a solicitor should be bound at the outset to consider whether a client might be eligible for legal aid. | 29th Aug 2007 | Research Papers & Academic Commentary, England and Wales, Causes of legal aid development, Historical development of legal aid |
| Some Reflections on the Relationship Between Citizenship, Access to Justice, and the Reform of Legal Aid | Hilary Sommerlad | This paper considers the various meanings attributed to the concepts of citizenship, social exclusion, and access to justice through the optic of the history of policy changes in legal aid. The impact of globalization and economic restructuring on social citizenship is explored, both in terms of the experience of recipients of public goods like legal services, and the professionals who supply them. The commensurability of the New Labour Community Legal Service (CLS) model with other models of justice is discussed. The conclusion briefly returns to the theme of law's 'citizen-constitutive' role and considers the potential of the CLS for combating social exclusion | 17th Aug 2004 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Historical development of legal aid |
| Standard fees for legal aid: an empirical analysis of incentives and contracts | Paul Fenn, Alastair Gray & Neil Rickman | ***Oxford Journals: Oxford Economic Papers*** This paper asks whether lawyers respond to financial incentives in ways that are consistent with predictions from contract theory. It uses data collected from before/ after the introduction of standard fees for legal aid lawyers in England and Wales | 31st Dec 1969 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Economics of legal aid |
| State Needs Assessment Legal Aid of Nebraska - 070069 - Available Here | Legal Aid of Nebraska; Legal Services Corporation | State Needs Assessment Legal Aid of Nebraska - 070069 by Legal Aid of Nebraska; Legal Services Corporation. | 1st Jul 2007 | USA, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Needs assessment |
| Statewide Comprehensive Legal Needs Survey Tennessee Alliance for Legal Services - 040025 | Barbara Barton, Bingham Pope, Karen Homer; Tennessee Alliance for Legal Services; Legal Services Corporation | Statewide Comprehensive Legal Needs Survey Tennessee Alliance for Legal Services - 040025 by Barbara Barton, Bingham Pope, Karen Homer; Tennessee Alliance for Legal Services; Legal Services Corporation | 1st Apr 2004 | USA, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Needs assessment |
| Swiss to vote on legal aid for animals | The Vancouver Province | ***The Vancouver Province News***Swiss voters will have to decide whether to grant animals access to a lawyer in case of mistreatment. | 17th Aug 2007 | Switzerland, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Eligibility for legal aid |
| Ten Per Cent Legal Aid Increase Insufficient | Auckland District Law Society | No abstract | 31st Dec 1969 | New Zealand, Research Papers & Academic Commentary,, Delivery mechanisms |
| The Civil Justice System in Scotland – A Case For Review? | Scottish Consumer Council | The final report of the civil justice advisory group, seminar transcripts and speaker’s papers. | 1st Nov 2005 | Scotland, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Causes of legal aid development |
| The Contingency Legal Aid Fund: a third way to finance personal injury litigation | David Capper | This article considers how personal injury claims might be funded in Northern Ireland. The government wants to introduce conditional fee agreements (CFAs) but widespread hostility expressed by many interested parties led to the consideration of an alternative funding system, the Contingency Legal Aid Fund (CLAF). The relative merits of CFAs and CLAF are considered here. | 21st Mar 2003 | Northern Ireland, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Alternative methods of funding |
| The extent and value of pro bono work provided by legal executives - ***This information is available from the Ministry of Justice Website*** | Katharine McKenna | Findings of research on the extent and value of pro bono work provided by members of ILEX. Ministry of Justice Research Series 2/08. ***This information is available from the Ministry of Justice Website*** | 1st Feb 2008 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Alternative methods of funding |
| The politics of legal aid - a solution in search of a problem? - Available Here | Mel Cousins | Political, economic and sociological effects on development of legal aid services in Western Europe. (Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 1994, 13(APR), 111-132) | 1st Apr 1994 | Worldwide, Europe, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Economics of legal aid, Historical development of legal aid |
| The retreat of the legal profession from legal aid: labour market change in the Australian mixed model | Don Fleming & Anne Daly | ***International Journal of the Legal Profession*** This paper documents the Australian evidence on changes in markets for legal aid over 1991–2003. | 1st Mar 2007 | Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Australia, The Mixed Model |
| The retreat of the legal profession from legal aid: labour market change in the Australian mixed model - Available Here | Don Fleming and Anne Daly | This paper documents the Australian evidence on changes in markets for legal aid over 1991-2003. (Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 1987, 6(JUL), 205-209) | 1st Mar 2007 | Research Papers & Academic Commentary,, Australia, The Mixed Model |
| The Second European Forum on Access to Justice: Forum Report | Linda Carranza (editor) | Public Interest Law Institute. The Second European Forum on Access to Justice was organized by the Open Society Justice Initiative and the Public Interest Law Initiative, and took place in Budapest, Hungary, on February 24-26, 2005. The Forum brought together approximately 200 legal professionals, rights advocates, representatives of international institutions, and government officials from 40 countries to discuss strategies for improving access to justice in Europe and beyond. The Forum Report presents a narrative summary of the proceedings of the Forum. | 31st Dec 2005 | Worldwide, Access to Justice, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| The State of Access to Justice in Oregon Oregon State Bar - 020084 | D. Michael Dale; Sponsored by The Oregon State Bar, The Oregon Judicial Department, The Office of Governor John Kitzhaber, MD. | The State of Access to Justice in Oregon Oregon State Bar - 020084 by D. Michael Dale; Sponsored by The Oregon State Bar, The Oregon Judicial Department, The Office of Governor John Kitzhaber, MD. | 1st Sep 2002 | USA, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Needs assessment |
| The Swedish legal services policy remix: the shift from public legal aid to private legal expenses insurance | Francis Regan | This article examines a legal services policy experiment in Sweden where reforms included major cuts to public legal aid and requiring most people to rely on private Legal Expenses Insurance. But how well does this policy mix promote equal access to legal services? And are there lessons for other societies? This article describes and assesses the policy remix. This paper argues that the reforms are a bold policy experiment but that they had mixed and some undesirable consequences, and that there are few lessons for other societies. | 21st Mar 2003 | Sweden, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Forms of legal aid, Civil legal aid, Alternative methods of funding |
| Timed out | Tracy Cook | ***Guardian.co.uk*** Some of society's most vulnerable people are at risk of being left without legal representation as reforms force law centres to take on the least complicated cases. | 8th Aug 2007 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Economics of legal aid, Eligibility for legal aid |
| Unequal Access to Justice: Many Legal Needs, Too Little Legal Assistance | Legal Services of New Jersey | Unequal Access to Justice: Many Legal Needs, Too Little Legal Assistance by the Legal Services of New Jersey. | 1st Sep 2009 | USA, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Needs assessment |
| Using Monitoring Data: Examining Community Legal Advice Centre Delivery | Marisol Smith and Ash Patel | Using Monitoring Data: Examining Community Legal Advice Centre Delivery by Marisol Smith and Ash Patel. Legal Services Commission, 2010. | 1st Jun 2010 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Community Legal Services |
| Voicing a Need for Justice –Survey Results on Legal Aid Access in Arizona | Arizona Foundation for Legal Services Education - 080045 | Voicing a Need for Justice –Survey Results on Legal Aid Access in Arizona by the Arizona Foundation for Legal Services Education - 080045. | 1st Sep 2008 | USA, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Needs assessment |
| What made me a legal aid lawyer? | Geoffrey Bindman | This article is a contribution to the occasional series dealing with a major book that influenced the author. Geoffrey Bindman selected book which taught him a great deal about the problems of access to justice for the poor, which was Legal Aid by Robert Egerton published in 1945 as a volume in the International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction. | 19th Dec 2002 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Access to Justice |
| What's wrong with legal aid? Lessons from outside the UK. - (Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 2006, 25(JAN), 80-98) | John Flood & Avis Whyte. | Examines the interaction between UK legal aid and the provision of welfare services, illustrating the shortcomings of the existing system through a typical case history and considers whether the approaches of other countries offer potential solutions. Reviews the scope of legal aid funding and academic theories concerning the causes of the system's deficiencies. Compares its methods of delivery and its eligibility requirements with the civil legal aid approaches of jurisdictions such as Germany, New Zealand, Ontario and Queensland. Discusses international alternatives to legal aid, including legal expenses insurance, legal advice centres, pro bono work and self help schemes. Includes a table of comparative civil legal service investments in 12 jurisdictions. Civil Justice Quarterly (Access www.westlaw.com/ with subscription and search for citation: C.J.Q. 2006, 25(JAN), 80-98) | 1st Jan 2006 | Worldwide, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Alternative methods of funding, Delivery mechanisms |
| Why community legal centres are good value | National Association of Community Legal Centres (NACLC) | Community Legal Centres have been a very important part of the provision of legal services in Australia for sometime. The number of CLCs throughout the country now exceeds 200. This booklet highlights the importance of CLCs and also describes the work CLCs carry out. | 1st Sep 2008 | Australia, Community Legal Services, Research Papers & Academic Commentary |
| Winners and Losers | Luke Clements | This paper considers whether the Human Rights Act 1998 is, in itself, capable of materially improving the lives of those who experience social exclusion – or whether it is likely to exacerbate their difficulties. It draws on the relevant post-2000 research concerning the Act's impact on socially excluded groups which suggests that the response of the statutory agencies has been disappointing – that 'not being proactive' has proved to be the most attractive option. It then addresses the incongruity between the government's strategies for combating social exclusion and civil justice. | 18th Apr 2005 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Human Rights |
| ‘Legal Aid and the Public Interest: Towards an effective public-private partnership’ - *** This document is available from The Bar Council's website: http://www.barcouncil.org.uk/ | The Bar Council | No abstract | 1st May 2008 | England and Wales, Research Papers & Academic Commentary, Alternative methods of funding |
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